The stone bridges that have been partially preserved have solid, largely semicircular, arches with small spans, and piers one-third to one-half of the span in width. Light wooden bridges on piles, as well as floating bridges, were also built; the latter were frequently used for military ...
Wei23 built a fine finite element model of the rotating structure through finite element analysis software, carried out static analysis on it, and determined the stress distribution on the contact surface of the spherical hinge. Although extensive research has been conducted on the stress ...
[1–9]. Empirical relationships have also been derived to estimate the effectivemoment of inertiaof FRP-reinforced concrete beam after cracking, and they have been built into codes, such as the ACIBuilding Code[10], Canadian Building Code[11], andEurocode2[12]. In addition, many theoretical ...
During this period, industries used innovative prestressing methods and RC solutions to build important experimental constructions; this is the case of the railway bridges near Kempten, Germany (1904), the longest span of which was 64.5m. It was built by DYWIDAG Bau GmbH (at that time Dyckerhoff...
Elevated structure; a non-basement structure built to have the lowest floor elevated above the ground level by means of fill, solid foundation perimeter walls, filled stem wall foundations (also called chain walls), pilings, or columns (posts and piers). Places where Change of design was not...
skyscraper, a very tall multistoried building. The name first came into use during the 1880s, shortly after the first skyscrapers were built, in theUnited States. The development of skyscrapers came as a result of the coincidence of several technological and social developments. Thetermskyscraperor...
The components of the bridge are picked to fit not only its use case scenario (pedestrian, highway, railway, transit or industrial bridges) but also location on which it is built, the span between its main structural beams and their basic structure (arch, beam, cantilever, cable-stayed, sus...
A tower crane is installed onto the concrete 21, and the panel-shaped segment of the steel pipe 2 is built by the crane and joined. Vertical reinforcements are arranged around the steel pipe 2 while PC strands are wound spirally on the vertical reinforcements, and forms are installed ...
The history of masonry structures began as a spontaneous process of construction mainly related to simple walls built with stone or caked mud, with mud-smeared mortar to increase stability and to make the edifice watertight. Stone was preferred to brick in many situations, depending on the geograp...
Furthermore, the bridge was built to accommodate six lanes of traffic, with two railway tracks and a footpath on each side. Despite initially advocating for a cantilever structure and having noticed that his arched general design was not included in the tender process or as an input to the ...