subprime mortgage crisis in 2007, the financial crisis in 2009, the 2019-nCoV and global inflation in 2021). These factors should be taken into account in the stock price models. Yao [8] first proposed a type of uncertain differential equation driven by both canonical process and renewal ...
Stochastic calculus has been helpful to quantify a wide range of heterogenous issues (e.g., economy, biology, acoustics, neurophysiology, telecommunications, aesthetics, art paintings, and more) [20–26]. Therefore, using stochastic tools, we can simulate IR with synthetic timeseries estimating the...
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