This paper describes a graphical model for probabilistic SE modeling that captures both the uncertainties and the power grid via embedding physical laws, i.e., KCL and KVL. With such a modeling, the resulting maximum a posteriori (MAP) SE problem is formulated by measuring state variables and ...
Fig. 1. The three ECMs, namely Io-ECM, Fo-ECM and Co-ECM, of a LIB. Based on Definition 2 and the Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL), the relationship between the two RC branches can be expressed as, (2)φ1(α1,β1)V1(t)=Dα1+jβ1+Dα1−jβ12V1(t)=−V1(t)R1C1+...
It has been shown that operation in the Buck and Boost modes, when possible, leads to lower power converter losses and stress on the switches than in the Buck–Boost mode [20]. Table 1. Modes of operation. 3. Mathematical Model of the Converter By employing KVL and KCL, one can ...