of spiritual pain [2]. Spiritual pain has been defined as “a disruption in the principle which pervades a person’s entire being and which integrates and transcends one’s biological nature” [9], as “a pain caused by extinction of the being and meaning of self” [10], or as “a ...
The worldview of both Bektaşis and Alevis is based on batini, the esoteric, interpretation of Islam that concentrates on the inner meaning of religion. As such, they generally abstain from institutionalized Islamic practices such as daily prayer and fasting during the month of Ramadan. Bekta...
The translation of the questionnaires from the original language to Greek followed a structured process to maintain both conceptual and linguistic equivalence. We employed the widely accepted forward-translation and back-translation methods to ensure the translated version retained the original meaning and ...