No surgery is without risks. General complications of any surgery include bleeding, infection, blood clots, and reactions to anesthesia. Specific complications related to a craniotomy may include stroke, seizures, swelling of the brain, nerve damage, cerebrospinal fluid leak, and loss of some mental...
Additional complications such as blood clots in the lung (pulmonary embolism) and leaking cerebrospinal fluid may be related topedicle screws.7Takahashi S, Kitagawa H, Ishii T. Intraoperative pulmonary embolism during spinal instrumentation surgery. A prospective study using transoesophageal echocardiography...
total length of the spine, and have incredibly important functions including load cushioning, reducing stress caused by impact (shock absorber), weight dispersion, allowing for movement of individual vertebrae, and allowing for the passage of nutrients and fluid to the spine and spinal cord [28]....