Nine years later, Robert R. Young, MD introduced the term ‘‘spastic paresis,’’ which includes weakness, loss of dexterity, and trouble controlling muscles. He termed it "a motor disorder characterised by a velocity dependent increase in tonic stretch reflexes that results from abnormal intra-...
aCoordination and patterns of movement can be near normal. Spasticity as demonstrated as resistance to passive movement is no longer present. Abnormal patterns of movement with faulty timing emerge when rapid or complex actions are requested. 运动的协调和样式可以几乎正常。 Spasticity作为展示作为对被动...
Spasticity is one of the most distinctive syndromes of upper motor neuron disorder, described as an abnormal resistance to external imposed movement1–3. Despite disagreements on the contributing mechanisms of spastic- ity, it is probably associated with increased reflex excitability, altered mechanical ...
Abnormal suprasegmental influences lead to increased spinal cord excitability and to impairment of interneuronal systems thereby giving rise to increased muscle tone, enhanced stretch reflexes, muscle overactivity and antagonist muscle co-contraction. Additionally, muscle paresis and immobilisation in a ...
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a chronic congenital disorder as the result of abnormal brain development. Children suffering from CP often battle debilitating chronic spasticity, which has been the focus of recent academic literature. In this systematic review, the authors aim to update the current ...
However, the lack of functional improvement despite a reduction in spasticity as well as the adverse side effects such as stasis ulceration, sensory ataxia, and hypesthesia (sensory loss) stimulated the development of partial rhizotomy and SPR is the most sophisticated version of the partial ...
(2021) proposed a novel definition of spasticity. This new definition accounts for related sensorimotor impairments that share a common pathophysiological foundation with spasticity, such as abnormal synergies and disrupted reciprocal muscle activation. Studies attempting to elucidate the relationship between ...
Similar to the broad range of definitions,spasticityis a result of a variety of damages to the spinal cord or the brain, of which the most common are:ischemic strokes, cerebral hemorrhage, traumatic braininjury(TBI), andspinal cord injury(SCI). Furthermore, spasticity occurs in neuroinflammatory...
due to the nanoscale electronic double structure (EDL) formed at the iontronic interface. Compared with traditional capacitive devices (< 1 nF cm−2), the capacitance signal of the iontronic tactile sensor is improved by more than 1000-folds, essentially eliminating the interference of parasitic...
have weakness of forehead muscles, trouble raising your eyebrows, drooping eyelids, and any other abnormal facial change; are pregnant or plan to become pregnant (it is not known if BOTOX can harm your unborn baby); are breastfeeding or plan to (it is not known if BOTOX passes into breast...