These materials come from 164 different fossil-bearing localities, spread over eight of the twelve South American countries, and range from the Early Jurassic to the Quaternary. In total, we compile 273 records, mostly anurans (~97.6%), followed by indeterminate caecilians (~1.4%) and urodeles...
On the South American mainland dogs were present in northern Colombia from the first millennium cal. BC (Angulo Váldes1981; Ardila1983), and they were presumably also kept further east at the same time to permit their subsequent introduction to the West Indies. In the early centuries of Europ...
Consequently, mega-mammals (species > 1000 kg) do not exist in the present-day South American land-mammal fauna, and only some individuals of the tapirid Tapirus bairdii weighting over 300 kg [32, 33]. Conversely, five mega-mammal species and several large mammal ones occur in Africa ...