most the size of a speck of dust, cross through our planet's atmosphere each day. Astronomers have recorded more than 800 comets passing through the inner part of the solar system. Billions more, however, lie in the area surrounding the solar system, in the far reaches of the swarm of ...
Unfortunately the flux reconnection rate strictly depends on the system size and field strength, and it is less meaningful to compare these quantities in two systems with different size and field. As a way of normalization, we divide them by the corresponding magnetic flux. We call them relative...
Aliphatic-rich organics might have formed from precursor molecules either in the protoplanetary disk, or interstellar medium before the Solar System formed24 and were then slightly modified during aqueous alteration in the Ryugu (grand)parent body. The size (<1.0 km) of Ryugu is too small to...
摘要: There are three major types of solar wind: The steady fast wind originating on open magnetic field lines in coronal holes, the unsteady slow wind coming probably from the temporarily open streamer...关键词: solar corona and wind boundary conditions radial profiles kinetic and multifluid ...
Full size image To investigate the origin of the difference in recombination strength among the studied system, we simulated the rough donor–acceptor interface using the lattice model47 (details are given in the Supplementary Information). The concentration gradient gives rise to a gradient in electr...
Full size image To be fully rigorous, one has to move to “detection–attribution” studies, in which the effect of varying an input to a general circulation ocean–atmosphere climate model (GCM) must be detected above the internal variability of the climate system, as modelled by the GCM. ...
Cost-effective and lightweight solar cells are currently demanded in strategic fields such as space applications or integrated-wearable devices. A reduction of the active layer thickness, producing thin-film devices, has been a traditional solution to accomplish both requirements. However, this solution...
system. Wegner et al. [196] proposed a process for the oxidation, i.e., encompasses the formation of Zn nanoparticles followed by their in situ hydrolysis for H2generation. The high specific surface area of the nanoparticle enhances the reaction kinetics and heat/mass transfer, which in turn ...
Full size image Table 1 Summary of important tests of the IEC 61215 for PSCs13. Full size table From Fig. 1, we can find that light, heat, moisture and reverse bias are the main threats for solar cells to face under outdoor working conditions in addition to the mechanical stress. In ...
In a recent study, Brinkmann et al.25demonstrated perovskite–organic tandem solar cells with a certified PCE of 23.1% and a high Vocof 2.15 V based on a Y6-containing ternary system for the OSC component. We anticipate that with the continuous significant advances in OSCs subcells, ...