This structure allows for certain molecules to diffuse across the membrane while others need to use protein channels to facilitate their movement into the cell. Some particles do not have a gradient to move down into the cell so they travel through molecular pumps which can requ...
Inserting Small Molecules Across Membrane Mixtures: Insight from the Potential of Mean ForceSmall solutes have been shown to alter the lateral organization of cell membranes and reconstituted phospholipid bilayers; however, the mechanisms by which these changes happen are still largely unknown. ...
The transport of small molecules through a polymer membrane is modeled using the computer simulation technique of molecular dynamics (MD). The transport coefficient is derived from a combination of the excess free energy and the diffusion constant. Both properties are derived from MD simulations, appl...
In most angiosperm anthers, four lobes surround the connective tissue and the central vasculature. Within each lobe, layers of sub-epidermal somatic cell types (endothecium, middle layer, and tapetum) encircle the centrally located archesporial cells (AR cells), which later become pollen mother ...
as well as amino acids derived from the parent cells. The identification of distinct subtypes of sEVs lacks specificity due to the absence of precise markers. In this regard, non-tissue-specific membrane markers such as tetraspanins (i.e., CD63, CD81, CD9), MHC molecules, integrin, ligand...
To further study SMN localization into nuclear bodies, we screened small-molecules using a microscopy cell-based assay to detect SMN into CBs of SMA patient-derived fibroblasts, identified flunarizine as a positive hit, and evaluated the effects of the drug in a mouse model of SMA. We foundin...
including through nanoscaled bits of matter. By virtue of their cell membrane properties, the cells are able to release nanoparticles into the environment, recognize and uptake nanoparticles from the environment, and integrate the material into their substance [1]. Nanoparticles such as extracellular ve...
2. Small Molecules: Properties and Applications Small-molecule drugs have low molecular weights (100–1000 g/mol or 0.1–1 kDa) and include chemotherapeutics, steroids, and antibiotics. These small-sized molecules can penetrate the cell membrane and modulate intracellular signaling pathways [32,33,34...
Triglycerides are reassembled in the endoplasmic reticulum, packed with lipoproteins into chylomicrons, which are transported through the cell to the lateral cell membrane, to be secreted by exocytosis and finally drain into the central lacteal of the villus for further transport. The plasma membrane ...
The lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) differs from the cytosol in its content of ions and other small molecules, but it is unclear whether the ER membrane is as impermeable as other membranes in the cell. Here, we have tested the permeability of the ER membrane to small, nonphysiolog...