Hence, bones assist in overall movement or support by providing a mechanical means to transfer force from muscle contraction. Bones also provide protection to sensitive organs such as the brain and the organs in the thoracic cavity. Bone marrow is a site of red blood cell production, and bone...
The ventral portion of the epithelial somite generates the sclerotome, whereas the dorsal part remains epithelial and becomes the dermomyotome, which gives rise to dermis and muscle. The myotome (brown-staining product depicting desmin immunoreactivity) forms between dermomyotome and sclerotome. The...
Production of Internal Torque By convention, the "strength" of a muscle action within the axial skeleton is expressed as an internal torque, defined for the sagittal, frontal, and horizontal planes. Within each plane, the maximal internal torque potential is equal to the product of (1) the ...
HO, also known as myositis ossificans, is a benign pathological condition in which the repair process is disturbed and results in extraskeletal bone formation. HO can be a common complication of musculoskeletal trauma or injury to muscle and other soft tissues.235The HO process is highly reliant...
Approximately 75% of the patients with bladder cancer present with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) at the time of diagnosis. The standard treatment to prevent the recurrence and progression of bladder cancer is a topical application of high-dose Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Gue ...
Elastin undergoes a sophisticated synthesis process through extensive cross-linking and polymerization of protoelastin [171], encompassing two distinct steps. Firstly, within cells, pre-elastin is encoded by a single-copy gene, with subsequent removal of specific amino acid residues at the carboxyl end...
Multiple isoforms of spectrin exist, generated by seven distinct genes and by extensive alternative mRNA splicing (De Matteis and Morrow, 2000).βI spectrin has been definitively identified only in erythrocytes, brain, and muscle, although immunocrossreactive forms have been found in the Golgi of ...
This process precedes the differentiation of the mesenchymal cell population into chondrocytes, and into connective tissues such as tendon and muscle sheaths. The different muscles necessary for the limb movements are formed from cells that migrate from the lateral edge of the dermomyotome. Here we ...
The moment arm of a human muscle to the finite CoR can only be 15 mm [25]; in this case, the error magnitude in Challis’ study can be significant, and thus, the correct estimation of finite CoRs is important. In the present study, the hand of a participant could be exposed to 5...
When applicable, these evaluations included MRI, electromyography, muscle ultrasound, and/or laboratory and sometimes also genetic testing to exclude other underlying neurologic disorders. Children were asked to walk freely and repeatedly in a straight line while an experimenter stood at the end of the...