This study addresses the optimal pipe-sizing problem of a tree-shaped gas distribution network with a single supply source. An algorithm was developed with the aim of minimizing the investment for constructing a gas distribution network with a tree-shaped layout in which demands are fixed. The co...
The input data required for this method includes knowing the types of materials used, location specific climate data and data related to the building types (residential, commercial or industrial). The same method can be used to calculate the potential reduction of the annual heat consumption ...
The duck curve proposed by the California Independent System Operator [107] is a typical example for residential load with PV generation. The load curve remains low during the night without the user's action; however, the daytime curve is lowered obviously by the self-consumption of onsite PV,...
Figure 4. An example of flow pattern map for vertical downwards air-water pipe flow at atmospheric pressure. The effect of decreasing air flowrate, and decreasing air-water flowrate ratio, is to move the operating conditions within the system from the annular flow region to the intermittent flo...
Space Heating (SH) substations in District Heating-based (DH) systems are typically dimensioned at the design outdoor temperature without accounting for internal and solar heat gains. In residential buildings, the total required DH power typically also includes the need for Domestic Hot Water (DHW)...