Migratory species may be particularly vulnerable to range fragmentation, as many need to traverse large areas for breeding or reproduction. In addition, transboundary frontiers (areas near or adjacent to international political boundaries) are becoming increasingly important drivers of range fragmentation, ...
It estimates the production cost effectiveness, i.e., the ability to cover production costs without considering depreciation and externalities, make a profit, and allow expanded reproduction without state intervention. ECI6: Return on equity (ROE) (SE420/SE501). It is calculated as the ratio of...