according to linear programming's economic meaning of dual variable and shadow price.It gives a dynamic indication of shadow cost through the analysis of the sensitivity,and further clarifies the uniqueness of shadow price and shadow cost and the application of the patter in the economic management...
Shadow cost is as important as shadow price, whereas discussions of true shadow cost are less common than those of shadow price. Degeneracy of optimal solutions causes considerable difficulties in post-optimal analysis (Hadigheh & Terlaky, 2006), including the determination of true shadow prices/...
“the methodological assumption that an analysisof the patterns of crowd activism will reveal its meaning and offers clues aboutcommunity structures” (Desan 1989, 56). This approach was deeply criticized byscholars, such as the medieval historian Philippe Buc, who coined the slogan“dangers of ...
Cooperation across rounds in public goods games is often path-dependent, meaning that first-round decisions can influence the trajectory of cooperation within groups. In our setting, this may give attackers an opportunity for ‘reconciliation.’ Especially if previous attackers cooperate strongly in the...