ARs have been repeatedly detected in the central nervous system. The presence of AR is widespread and has many downstream effects (Roselli et al.1989). Testosterone has been demonstrated to exert neuroprotective effects against the harmful actions of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This protection c...
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Androdioecy (polymorphism of males and hermaphrodites) is rare in both plants and animals, and generally represents a transition from gonochorism to hermaphroditism (as in the androdioeciousCaenorhabditis elegans), likely due to selection for reproductive assurance rather than the reverse direction of...
males shorten the lifespan of the opposite sex—hermaphrodites or females. Here we use transcriptomic profiling and targeted screens to systematically uncover conserved genes involved in male-induced demise inC. elegans. Some genes (for example,delm-2,acbp-3), when knocked down, are specificall...
Most did so for pleasure, but some for protection, i.e., to avoid assault by someone else. Before incarceration, 32.9% feared sexual assault in prison; 6.9% had been sexually threatened in prison and 2.6% had been sexually coerced ("forced or frightened into doing something sexually that [...
Males who ensure that their neighbour remains female could benefit through increased opportunity for future reproductive success and lower boundary maintenance costs. 展开 关键词: coalitions, female protection, Fiddler crabs, mate-guarding, mating benefits, surface-mating ...
Many cultures throughout history have passed down knowledge rumored to enhance sexual performance of both men and women including sexual techniques, foods, and nutritional supplements. Sexual techniques can take the form of stimulating certain aspects of
Figure 1: Changes in immune responses in human males and females over the life course. Multiple immunological factors vary between the sexes throughout the course of life. For certain factors (for example, pro-inflammatory responses), the sex differences change at puberty and then wane in later...
Environmental factors, including nutrition status and the composition of the microbiome, also alter the development and functioning of the immune system differently in males and females. Sex differences in immune responses result in differential susceptibility of males and females to autoimmune diseases, ...
In humans, as in mammals, sex is determined by presence or absence of the Y chromosome: XY embryos become males, and XX embryos become females. This is the general rule but it does not hold true in every case, for depending on circumstances, a given embryo might develop as a male, fem...