Although most flexible piezoresistive sensors are realized through heterogeneous conductive media for large deformability and piezoresistivity [46], here we start with the piezoresistive effect in metal conductors and semiconductors to understand the basic mechanisms. First, let’s take a metal conductor wi...
For reference, acoustics is typically categorized into divisions: infrasound, audible sound, and ultrasound, as well as three specialized studies related to each frequency range: infra-acoustics (<˜20 Hz, or 20 cycles per second, below hearing threshold of a human ear), audible acoustics (...
Sensors can be used to measure or detect a vast variety of physical, chemical, and biological quantities, including proteins, bacteria, chemicals, gases, light intensity, motion, position, sound and many others, as shown in Figure 2-1. Sensor measurements are converted by a transducer into a ...
Furthermore, the resonance frequency of metasurface is distributed from radio to terahertz (THz) [5], [6], making its application field more widely than other conventional materials. Compared with three-dimensional metamaterials, metasurface is easier to manufacture, integration and has sufficient ...
detecting electrical signals of the heart tissue at the treatment site with an electrode array of the catheter, wherein the electrode array is disposed on the plurality of splines of the catheter and in a sensing configuration; determining whether the catheter is at a region of interest by analy...
TL = αR + 20 log R = α(vt) + 20 log(vt) (1) where TL is the transmission loss, R is the spreading range expressed as propagation time t multiplied by sound velocity v, and α is the attenuation coefficient. Given that exact α and v cannot always be obtained in the field, ...
the condition is named conductive hearing loss since it affects the functioning of the eardrum or the ossicular chain while, in contrast, with sensorineural hearing loss, doctors identify an issue in the cochlea, the part of the inner ear where sound amplification takes place, and pressure waves...
radio frequency components) and audio-visual components, whilst the MEMS sensors experience environmental changes (in the case of the ambient light sensors, barometric pressure sensor and magnetometer) or measure motion due to the movement of the body (in the case of the gyroscope and accelerometer...
3.1. The Forward Model For an inhomogeneous medium, with its density and speed of sound defined as a function of the location vector r, the linear wave equation for a time-harmonic pressure field can be expressed as follows [30]: ρ(r)∇ · 1 ρ(r) ∇ P(r, ω) + k2(r, ω...
However, in practice, 𝐵𝐸𝑅BER is usually somewhat high; thus, the data transmission efficiency will first rise and then drop with the increase of payload size. This is because data packets with larger sizes are more likely to be lost, exactly as demonstrated in Figure 3a. When a ...