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Under a Creative Commons license open accessAbstract Over time plants undergone abiotic changes often leading to genotypic and phenotypic level adjustments to ensure survival. Temperature is one of these factors that cause changes. Several organisms have been sequenced in recent years, creating ways to...
a higher level of LD has been found during the domestication process of economically important animals and plants52,53. For the parasitoid waspA. gifuensis, despite the frequent introduction of wild populations to expand the artificially bred populations, the latter still exhibited...
Interestingly, most phloem and xylem feeders gain access to the vascular tissue by mechanical means (i.e., involving pressure-dependent insertion of mouth parts), and reaching the vascular tissue is difficult and time consuming (e.g., requiring 15–60min for aphids) (Raven, 1983;Dixon, 1985...
Using a computer dN/dS ratio above 1 indicates positive selection (non- simulation to detect the selection pressure needed to synonymous substitutions occur at a higher rate than maintain the observed frequencies of MHC alleles, with synonymous substitutions). Selection at the sequence demography ...
For our present purpose, however, it is enough that all learning processes fall under the definition. Note that any form of memory that affects behaviour, even very short term, is also included under this definition. This is intentional; we do indeed consider such effects a form of learning ...
By definition, an AI that does not preserve itself will be less likely to propagate. Imagine two AIs, one that is simple to deactivate and another that is tightly integrated into daily operations and is inconvenient or difficult to deactivate. The easy one is much more likely to be ...
In animals, intraspecific genomic diversity is generally thought to derive from relatively small-size variants, resulting from the selection pressure for genome integrity and biological function that otherwise could be dampened by large-size structural variations. Large-size PAVs have been occasionally des...
selection pressure from human cultivation26. Domestication signatures include altered allele frequency and a reduction in nucleotide diversity in the domestication loci. Thus, the deep elucidation of the molecular basis for natural variation in domestication traits is essential for bridging molecular analysis...
Determining the most suitable model for phylogeny reconstruction constitutes a fundamental step in numerous evolutionary studies. Over the years, various criteria for model selection have been proposed, leading to debate over which criterion is preferabl