Individual-level data are not needed. The inference validity of this two-step approach is affected by selection bias. When conducting causal inference in Step 2 with respect to the SNPs selected in Step 1, the summary statistics from the exposure GWAS can not be regarded as random samples for...
Selection bias sometimes referred to as the selection effect, is a systematic error that can ruin business market research. Learn more.
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(Copas and Li, 1997;Freedman and Sekhon, 2010). The root cause of this issue is the lack of information on these parameters obtained from observed data. Hence, this issue might rarely arise when the travel behavior outcome is continuous or ordinal using a sufficientsample size. However, this...
Clustering is crucial for gene expression data analysis. As an unsupervised exploratory procedure its results can help researchers to gain insights and formulate new hypothesis about biological data from microarrays. Given different settings of microarra
A goal of a data analysis is to select a set of genes that express differently between the normal samples and cancer samples. We consider three criteria to select the set of marker genes: fold-change, p-value, and frequency of selections by the SVM-RFE classifier. The fold-change and p...
It must be noted that inherent bias can be either negative or positive (i.e. the error estimate can be lower or higher than the true error). The parameter selection bias, on the other hand, is always negative. The parameter selection bias is smaller for resampling methods with smaller ...
2a). Notably, the Malaspina Vertical Profile metagenomes (Supplementary Data 1) covered a much wider range of ocean depths (3 to 4000 m) and latitudes than previous studies estimating AGS from oceanic metagenomes, but with relatively few samples8,13,16, providing a unique resource for our ...
On the other hand, the amplification bias (i.e., the variation in amplification efficiency among different markers) using two-step PCR (0.36, 0.36, 0.06, 0.06 and 0.03 for the five markers in pear; 0.46 and 0.34 for two markers in chestnut) was larger than in simplified one-step PCR (...