Practitioners often have at their disposal a large number of instruments that are weakly exogenous for the parameter of interest. However, not every instrument has the same predictive power for the endogenous variable, and using too many instruments can induce bias. We consider two ways of handling...
However, not every instrument has the same predictive power for the endogenous variable, and using too many instruments can induce bias. We consider two ways of handling these problems. The first is to form principal components from the observed instruments, and the second is to reduce the ...
lipid-related genetic variants as instrumental variables. We recommend to include only risk factors which have at least one, and ideally multiple genetic variants that act as strong instruments. Caution is needed for the interpretation of null findings, particularly in our example for non-lipid risk...
Temperature is a critical element of pH measurement. The Nernst equation (shown below) indicates that temperature is one of the variables that is needed in order to determine the hydrogen ion activity in a solution. Without an accurate reading of temperature, you will not have an accurate pH v...
We take the mean squared deviation (MSD),θi, as the measure of agreement between theith instrument and the gold standard, where smallerθivalue indicates better agreement. Let[1],[2]be the unknown indices such thatθ[1]⩽θ[2]. Thus, the instrument associated withθ[1]is the best on...
Predictor variables employed in research on the selection of medical students Academic Medicine, 32 (1957), pp. 131-147 View in ScopusGoogle Scholar Greenberg et al., 2015 J. Greenberg, A. McKee, K. Walsh Teacher prep review: A review of the nation's teacher preparation programs National Co...
In the first step, the system converts the input of two variables to a result, which is selected from a library of strands that match the combined inputs. In few other cases, the combined input of two strands has been applied to select a strand from a small library21,22,23. Rather ...
In order to test inter-rater-reliability of the interviewers, a modified Cohen Kappa coefficient for multiple nominal scaled variables was used with regards to the group as a whole and also individually for the subgroups gender, admission year, age-groups and A Level results.Results: With Kappa...
An additional purpose was to find influential factors for the success of each sequential training phase. As a result of our analysis, we suggest a logistic regression model with attention sharing2, instrument reading, and mechanical comprehension as input variables as a selection model for ...
This can be applied using two methods, either manually or via some instrument (e.g., an impulse device or a robotic arm). We included only randomized controlled study designs on humans with spinal pain in any region and of any duration, comparing SMT applied to any candidate site compared ...