While all the buildings having very slight damage (D1) can be considered as usable buildings, the unusable ones can be distinguished in the two sub-categories, namely unusable buildings in the short term UBst (due to light or moderate damage) and unusable buildings in the long term UBlt (...
Created on the above mentioned methodology set of the maps allow to provide equal degree of risk within the terri- tory, covered by each of these maps and is intended for earthquake-proof construction and measures for seismic risk reduction for different categories of responsibility degree and ...
They can be divided into three broad categories [20,21]: Regional EEW systems generally provide more accurate estimates of source parameters [26], but on-site EEW systems, on the other hand, have shorter latency times due to local treatment and no off-site communication, and then provide ...
The density of CGPS networks in California and Japan (1 station per 1000 km2) should be extended to other fault zones such as the South American cordillera, the boundaries of the Tibetan plateau, and the southwest Pacific. When a large (Mw>7) earthquake occurs in an area without dense ...
(Mammo2005). On these three seismic source zones, many earthquake activities (magnitude <7) with associated life lost and damage were reported (Gouin1979; Asfaw1990; Wilks et al.2017; Fardin et al.2015; Ayele2017; Midzi et al.1999), however, they didn’t work on how topographic effect ...
, thus covering zones which are significant from the risk point of view, and the rangeRof spatial correlation is of the order of few kilometres (between 1.3 and 9.8 km). 5Treatment of uncertainties The uncertainties related to the predicted soil amplification layers were comprehensively assessed ...
whereJis the objective function to be minimized by the optimizer,Wis all the trainable parameters,\(- \mathop {\sum}\nolimits_{c = 1}^M {y_{o,c} \cdot {\mathrm{log}}( {p_{o,c}})}\)is the cross-entropy loss function,Mis the number of categories/classes,yo,cis the indicator/...
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As a function of masonry type, three main categories are possible (Fig. 4): Download: Download high-res image (1MB) Download: Download full-size image Fig. 4. Examples of masonry types: a) and b) random rubble masonry; c) typical stonework cross-section; d) solid clay bricks; e) ...
As outlined in Table 4, damage states (capacities) can be classified into two main categories: structural and non-structural states. Within the structural levels, damage can be attributed to the primary structure and its interaction with non-structural components such as reaction tanks and pressure...