Shortly after electrons were discovered it was thought that atoms were like little solar systems, made up of a … nucleus and electrons, which went around in “orbits,” much like the planets … around the sun. If you think that’s the way atoms are, then you’re back in 1910. — Ri...
the main obstacle was the belief that the electrons of the atom would inevitably fall into the nucleus because of the loss of energy to electromagnetic radiation in the course of their orbital motion about the nucleus. N. Bohr’s famous work (1913) that laid the basis for the quantum theory...
The cause of the emission from electrons surfaces with “signature” energies was discovered in 1922 by Meitner. This was called the Auger effect, named after the scientists from France, Pierre Victor Auger, who discovered the effect the following year. Meitner and Hahn working in their laboratory...
Researchers have reshaped single electrons into spiralling matter waves with distinct handedness that could be used to study and control materials
For any one “place” or any one nuclear charge, more than one number of electrons in the outer-ring system may exist, and in such a case the element exhibits variable valency. But such changes of number, or of valency, concern only the ring and its external environment. There is no ...
You’d need to build up an excess of electrons first. Because steel is made from iron, and iron is ferromagnetic (though not necessarily magnetized), I’d instead use something like a rubber balloon rubbed on a wool sweater if going that route. Sitting at my kitchen “lab” bench, ...
A mass spectrometer is like an atomic sorting machine. It separates isotopes, atoms with a unique number of neutrons. (An isotope of uranium, for example, always contains 92 protons, 92 electrons, and a varying population of neutrons. Uranium-235 has 143 neutrons. Its cousin, uranium-238, ...
The standard model explains the collection of fundamental particles that make up matter, including muons, electrons, neutrinos and quarks. In the 1960s, researchers successfully worked out how these particles interact and bind together via the strong and weak nuclear forces. ...
The splitting of spectral lines in a magnetic field had been observed some 25 years earlier by the Dutch physicist Pieter Zeeman, and was explained by the interaction of the angular momentum of the orbiting electrons with the external field. The observation of additional splitting, however, was ...
The way plasma flows inside tokamaks provided the major clue. The ions within the charged gas gyrate swiftly along the magnetic field lines while drifting slowly across the lines. At the same time, the electrons also in the plasma travel very rapidly along the lines and carry away most of th...