The terms theory, fact, and hypothesis are sometimes treated as though they had clear meanings and clear relations with one another, but their histories and uses are more complex and diverse than might be expected. The usual sense of these words places them in a relationship of increasing ...
Scientific theory, systematic ideational structure of broad scope, conceived by the human imagination, that encompasses a family of empirical laws regarding regularities existing in objects and events, both observed and posited. A scientific theory is de
The limitations of scientific modeling are emphasized by the fact that models generally are not complete representations. TheBohr atomic model, for example, describes the structure ofatoms. But while it was the firstatomic modelto incorporatequantumtheory and served as a basic conceptual model ofelect...
Lurking in the background of the state-space conception is the fact that mathematics actually includes set theory and model theory—i.e., mathematical logic. Indeed, according to some interlocutors, “metamathematics is part of mathematics” (Halvorson 2012, 204). Historically, a set-/model-theo...
we believe they should not be included in the output of information extraction models. We could enforce this by the requirement that all extracted entities should occur word-for-word in the source text, but the fact that these models do not extract phrases exactly can also be a useful feature...
The fact that new rules regarding causal reasoning are needed in such situations was described as “the heart of quantum mechanics” and as containing “the only mystery” by Richard Feynman15. Generating causal inferences to interconnect a sequence of events in a narrative text evokes activation ...
JIT compilation is a remarkable bit of technology that opens the gates for a wide range of optimizations. Despite the fact that the current implementation is restrictive in the number of optimizations that can be performed due to time constraints, in theory it should be able to o...
this theory describes that uniform stability of the system remains in the absence of diffusion parameters while different spatial pattern formations can be realized in the presence of reaction and diffusion. Many authors identified the usage of RDMs models in various scientific and engineering disciplines...
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Handicap theory explains that exaggeratedly developed sexual traits become handicaps but serve as honest signals of quality. Because very weak signals are less likely to provide benefits than to simply incur costs, it is interesting to elucidate how sexu