Even a child intuitively understands the cold of winter or the heat of a hot summer day. However, when it comes to a scientific definition of temperature, things get murky quickly. As Aaron Hui explains, measuring electrical noise is one way to measure temperature directly. Aaron Hui Measure...
This paper aims at analyzing the prevalence and scientific impact of duplicate publications across all fields of research between 1980 and 2007, using a definition of duplicate papers based on their metadata. It shows that in all fields combined, the prevalence of duplicates is one out of two-...
The notion of animal culture, defined as socially transmitted community-specific behaviour patterns, remains controversial, notably because the definition relies on surface behaviours without addressing underlying cognitive processes. In contrast, human cultures are the product of socially acquired ideas that...
Climax Community | Definition, Species & Examples from Chapter 28 / Lesson 11 79K Understand the concept and definition of climax community. Learn about progression to a climax community and climax species through climax community examples. Related...
Work efficiently in a multi-language editor with a function/class browser, real-time code analysis tools (pyflakes, pylint, and pycodestyle), automatic code completion (jedi and rope), horizontal/vertical splitting, and go-to-definition. Interactive console Harness the power of as many IPython ...
As regards the contributions of this study, we can highlight: (i) the application of clustering techniques in a large-volume database; (ii) the definition of a model for the analysis of research-information brokers aiming to identify influence among researchers based on a bidirectional graph; ...
Following this literature strand, the latest edition of the Oslo Manual of the European Commission and the OECD, which presents the methodological basis for innovation studies such as the European Community Innovation Survey (CIS), follows an enlarged definition of innovation. It considers that, ...
enforces the PDE on a wide set of randomly selected collocation locations inside the domain, i.e. penalizes the difference between the estimated left-hand side of a PDE and the known right-hand side of a PDE [82]; other approaches may employ an integral definition of the loss [61]. As...
” Ops defines a new plugin type,Op, each of which has a name and a list of typed parameters, analogous to a function definition in most programming languages. When invoking an op, callers typically do not specify the exactOpplugin to use, but instead specify the operation’s name and ...
Then, for each pair of time-series, i and j, we compute the lagged cross-correlation of the seasonal cycles, and determine their mutual lag, , as the value of τ that maximizes Cij(τ). The seasonal cycle is by definition periodic, therefore, we search for a maximum in τ ∈ [...