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The daily average values were then averaged for the respective year to compute the annual averages plotted in Figure 14. Figure 14. (a) Annual mean PAR observed just below the sea-surface (PAR( 0 − )), calculated assuming η = 0 , for the coastal AO. (b) Corresponding mean annual...
A Monte Carlo Implementation of the Nonlinear Filtering Problem to Produce Ensemble Assimilations and Forecasts. Mon. Weather Rev. 1999, 127, 2741–2758. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Houtekamer, P.L.; Mitchell, H.L. Data Assimilation Using an Ensemble Kalman Filter Technique. Mon. Weather ...
By the time a 1974 NRL field evaluation of a pair of rubidium clocks returned ambiguous results, the four-satellite demonstration project had been approved, and the JPO had hired Rockwell International of Seal Beach, CA, to build the first GPS satellites. With the launch date planned for 1978...
using the correct reference mean pressure. The actual IB effects over the Caspian Sea are significantly smaller than those applied in the CMEMS SLA grids. After applying an improved IB correction using the global mean sea level pressure fields from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather ...
where n is the number of samples; S and G are the satellite-derived products data and the rainfall station observations data, respectively; 𝑆¯S¯ is the average of the satellite-derived products data; and 𝐺¯G¯ is the average of the observation data of the ground stations. 3....
Consequently, using real wind time series observed on a weather ship, it was discovered that the resulting NIO kinetic energy is reduced by a factor of 1.5, 3, and 7 when the wind is averaged over 6, 12, and 14 h, respectively [5]. The wind energy input is determined by the scalar...
precipitations. A negative relationship between the mean IRIP accumulation scores and the intensity of rainfall is found among damaged plots, confirming that SWFs preferably occur over potentially riskier areas where rainfall is lower. Land use and soil hydraulic conductivity are identified as the most...
Note that for the average values, the estimates are close to the reference values (in black), presenting larger dispersion in equatorial latitudes (5∘∘S to 10∘∘N) and close to the southern edge of the region between 25∘∘S to 30∘∘S. According to the climatology, ...
Conversely, the error values in the Northwest and Inner Mongolia regions are relatively low, with average RMSEs below 2.5 mm/d and 5.5 mm/d, and average MAEs below 0.8 mm/d and 1.5 mm/d, respectively. In summary, the correlation is better in the southeastern and southern China regions, ...