The cross-product is the multiplication of the scores on the two variables for any single unit of observation in the data. By summing across the N individuals, a sum of cross-products is obtained. Because the magnitude of the cross-products depends on the unit of measurement chosen for each...
The students obseved the lecturers who were teaching at the classes of mastery graduate, without thesis, subjects. The observation was done by postgraduate students at different branches. The observation form was developed by researchers. At the end of the research, it is detected that lecturers...
observation from a set of possible outcomes. To the extent to which significant construct and measurement errors can be ruled out, the difference between a specific statistic and the population parameter constitutessampling errorin that specific sample. Measurements of the same variable made on a ...
1(default) |nonnegative scalar|function handle|cell array of two function handles or a mix of function handles and nonnegative scalars Penalty for an observation being matched to a gap in the other data set, specified as one of the following. ...
Nyquist rate- (telecommunication) the lowest sampling rate that will permit accurate reconstruction of a sampled analog signal rate- a magnitude or frequency relative to a time unit; "they traveled at a rate of 55 miles per hour"; "the rate of change was faster than expected" ...
Volatile and organic-rich C-type asteroids may have been one of the main sources of Earth’s water. Our best insight into their chemistry is currently provided by carbonaceous chondritic meteorites, but the meteorite record is biased: only the strongest
Forms of examples include illustrations or citing a particular incident. Examples are often specific and almost identical to the thing that they represent. However, examples are often made with the use of sight or by observation. They are also used when the representative part is ...
We will use a latent continuous variable \(Y_{1i}^*\) such that \(Y_{1i}=\mathbf 1 (Y_{1i}^*>0)\), where \(\mathbf 1 \) is the indicator function and \(Y_{1i}\) governs whether or not an observation on the variable of primary interest is generated. We assume ...
Bidirectional reflectance distribution function of Spectralon white reflectance standard illuminated by incoherent unpolarized and plane-polarized light A Lambert surface would appear equally bright from all observation directions regardless of the illumination direction. However, the reflection from a rand... ...
For each read rk which overlaps the SNP, let \(o_k\in\left\{ {A,B} \right\}\) denote the observed SNP allele and let \(e_k \in \left( {0,1} \right)\) denote the probability of error of each observation (the quality score). We seek to compute the likelihood of the data ...