'', (4) ''In the past month, what was the average number of cigarettes you smoked on a typical smoking day (cigarettes per day, CPD)?'' Current smoking was defined as smoking in the past 30 days. The fourth item was dichotomized as: (a) any smoking in the past month versus no ...
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aBy applying an AC voltage (VAC) plus a DC voltage (VDC) to the AFM tip, KPFM measures the work function of the sample. VAC generates oscillating electrical forces between the AFM tip and sample surface, and VDC nullifies the oscillating electrical forces that originated from CPD between tip...