Editor’s note: This article reviews some of the history and basics of cosmetics packaging. As most formulators know, the product’s container is nearly as important, if not more so, than the ingredients in it. Not only does it protect the formula, but it is the firs...
The traveling salesman problem (TSP) has been recorded in the history of combinatorial optimization since 1930. Merrill M. Flood first provided a mathematical formulation of the problem when he came across it while solving a school bus routing problem (Flood, 1948). Given a set of cities, the...