The measures of Alexander convinced them that monarchs’ promises were not to be relied upon. They were also impressed by pronunciamentos (military coups) in Spain and Naples (1820). Turgenev recorded in his diary in 1820: “We formerly asked, every time we met the readers of newspapers in...
The British took most of the French colonial empire, and France took revenge by aiding rebels in Britain’s American colonies. Kings took lands from their weaker or less enlightened cousins. The Westernizing monarchs Peter I (reigned 1682–1725) and Catherine the Great (reigned 1762–96) ...
This Danish artist painted several European monarchs, including Christian IX of Denmark, Queen Victoria, George I of Greece and the Romanov family. Public domain He also made a “zoomed” version, showing the couple’s faces closer. Ilya Repin. Portrait of Nicholas II and Nicholas II on the ...
and they enjoyed all the rights and privileges conferred upon them by their high rank. Most of the monarchs who reigned in Russia were placed on the rolls of the Horse Guards as Heirs Apparent on the very day of their birth. The constant ...
We don’t have to become avid Russophiles or staunch monarchists to appreciate the fact that their death represents the end of a world—that of Christendom. The era of Christian monarchs that began with Constantine the Great and lasted for 1600 years, came to an end with Tsar Nicholas....
When our great brethren the disenslaved Brazilians frame their Declaration of Independence, I hope they will insert this missing link: "We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all monarchs are usurpers, and descendants of usurpers; for the reason that no throne was ever set up in ...
did not prevent our column from accomplishing this mission in complete order. While the III Battalion was accomplishing these feats, General Konovnitsyn, remaining with us and sharing the same dangers, ordered to have the columns of the I and II Battalions deployed in oblique … and then formed...
home and almost cost him his throne. But while the tsar promised political reform, he had learned little from the debacle of 1905 and he returned to policies of reaction and oppression. Like other European monarchs, Nicholas was drawn into World War I, where Russia’s lack of economic ...
But the fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1453 and the Ottoman Turks’ conquest of the Balkans left the grand princes of Moscow as the only remaining Orthodox monarchs in the world, and the Russian Orthodox clergy naturally began to look to them as the defenders and possible supreme heads of ...
rulers in ecclesial affairs (and vice versa) has a long and storied tradition in Christendom: The Edict of Thessalonica in 380 CE officially made Christianity the religion of the Roman Empire, but it had already previously been adopted by monarchs in what are now Armenia, Ethiopia, and Georgia...