The Russian Civil War is an incredibly complex topic that is frequently oversimplified to a Red vs White framework, where the Bolshevik forces face a perceived monolithic 'White' opposition. While this conceptualization can be useful, the reality is much more complex; various factions, some ...
The end of the easy (for the Bolsheviks)first phase of the Civil War came on 5 January,with the meeting in Petrograd of the All-Russian Constituent Assembly[4].National elections held in early November had shown the peasant-based Socialist-revolutionary (SR)Party,not the Bolsheviks,to be t...
Bolsheviks placed their faith in the myth of a European revolution that would save them in Russia.They believed,too,that if attacked by the"imperial- ists"they could defend themselves by means of "revolutionary war." The Bolsheviks' political tactics were also out of step;at a time when th...
There are a number of reports about the involvement of Chinese detachments in the Russian Revolution and Russian Civil War. Chinese served as bodyguards of Bolshevik functionaries, served in the Cheka, and even formed complete regiments of the Red Army. Although it has been estimated that there...
Resource Wealth and the Risk of Civil War Onset: Results from a New Dataset of Natural Resource Rents, 1970-1999 The existing literature identifies natural resource wealth as a major determinant of civil war. The dominant causal link is that resources provide finance ... I De Soysa,E Neumayer...
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As a political commissar in the Red Army during the height of the civil war, Stalin supervised military activities against the counterrevolutionary White forces along the western front that were led by General Pyotr Wrangel. During the war between Russia and Poland from 1920 to 1921, his ...
At the end of the 18th century, as universities and other higher educational institutions and scholarly societies were established and developed, the original functions of the academy narrowed. The Academy University and Academy Gymnasium were closed; geological, cartographic, translation, and other appli...
In 1915 the Germans captured Lithuania-proper during the First World War. In 1917 Russia surrendered to Germany (after the war hardships led to a revolution in Russia) and renounced any claims to the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea, while the subsequent German losses in the Western Front led...
The Houthis have attacked ships since November, saying they want to force Israel to end the war in Gaza, which has seen over 31,000 Palestinians killed in the besieged strip. The ships attacked, however, have increasingly had little or no connection to Israel, the U.S. or other nations ...