For decades, rubella, also known as the “German measles,” was considered a mild viral infection of childhood manifesting with fevers, rash, and lymphadenopathy. In the 1940s, the association between rubella infection during pregnancy and devastating fetal effects, including but not limited to hear...
Immunisation programmes have already had a major impact on the epidemiology of rubella in many developed and several developing countries. In some countries in Europe, in the USA, and Australasia, CRS is now very rare, and countries using two doses of the MMR vaccine, such as the USA, have...
Rubella virus was first isolated in tissue culture in 1962 by two research groups, creating the foundation for the development of attenuated rubella virus vaccines. A massive rubella outbreak in the USA that lasted from 1964 to 1965 resulted in an estimated 12·5 million cases of rubella, 20...
Rubella presents a demiology of rubella, vaccine prophy- Serum samples from 100 persons in two risk in both manifest and asymptomatic laxis for this infection was introduced in age groups of both genders were tested forms. In 25-50% of cases the infection is the USA during the 1960s, in ...
women of childbearing age has markedly reduced the incidence of CRS. Rubella and congenital rubella syndrome were declared eradicated in the United States in 2004 and in the Americas in 2015. However, rubella remains common in other parts of the world, and imported cases of CRS are still seen...
Since 1814, when rubella was first described, the origins of the disease and its causative agent, rubella virus (Matonaviridae: Rubivirus), have remained unclear1. Here we describe ruhugu virus and rustrela virus in Africa and Europe, respectively,
The results were analyzed using the SPSS v.15.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA) data analysis system. Results: Rubella IgM antibody positivity was determined in 205 (0.8%) of 27.465 pregnants whose anti-rubella IgM status was investigated, and positive values were observed ...
Two-year antibody persistence in children vaccinated at 12–15months with a measles-mumps-rubella virus vaccine without human serum albumin One combined measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine without Human Serum Albumin (HSA) is currently licensed in the USA (M-M-R II; Merck, USA) and another ...
Rubella (German measles) generally is a mild viral illness that may be associated with fever, lymphadenopathy, and a generalized rash. An estimated 50% or more of infections are subclinical. The most serious consequences of rubella occur in infants of women infected early in pregnancy. These infa...
RNA virus classified as a Rubivirus in the Togaviridae family Clinical manifestation Spread by nasal droplet infection; incubation period of 14–19 days, with onset of rash usually on the 15th day; disease contagious from a few days before to 5–7 days after the appearance of the exanthem; ...