Recent studies demonstrated that the cerebellum is necessary but not sufficient for the acquisition of predictive (p) OKR. This chapter reviews recent findings on the roles of cerebellum-brainstem loops in pOKR. First, behavioral characteristics and neuronal circuits subserving pOKR are overviewed. ...
As part of the CNS, spinal MNs are located in the ventral horn of the spinal cord that conveys signals from the brainstem or sensory inputs to the terminal muscles, thereby controlling body movements. MN development requires precise spatiotemporal expression of extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Upon...
et al. Magnetic resonance imaging reveals neuronal degeneration in the brainstem of the superoxide dismutase 1 transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Eur. J. Neurosci. 20, 1745–1751 (2004). Article Google Scholar Hsiao, E. Y. et al. Microbiota modulate behavioral and ...
Diagnoses included brainstem and skull base neoplasms, brainstem infarcts, aneurysms, demyelinating disease, and pituitary apoplexy. Neuroimaging procedures may have a role in the initial evaluation of patients 50 years of age or older with acute ocular motor mononeuropathies....
PD is characterized by a loss of dopaminergic neurons and Lewy body formation in the substantia nigra pars compacta as well as the cortical regions and brainstem (67). The Lewy body is mainly composed of -synuclein (-syn), which contributes to PD pathogenesis (68, ...
Astrocytes, an integral component of the central nervous system (CNS), contribute to the maintenance of physiological homeostasis through their roles in synaptic function, K+ buffering, blood-brain barrier (BBB) maintenance, and neuronal metabolism. Reac
These inflammatory changes in the kidneys continue to increase, together with blood pressure, with age in the SHR [40]. Junctional adhesion molecule (JAM)-1 is involved in leukocyte binding to the endothelium and has been found to be upregulated in the brainstem of SHR compared to WKY rats....
(median 18 months). H3.1/H3.2 K27M are restricted to the pons (21.4%) and show a median survival of 15 months. H3.3K27M mutations are abundant in the midline and pons, accounting for 63.0% DIPG and 59.7% non-brainstem midline tumors. This group is characterized by a shorter...
The neurons that synthesize monoamines or acetylcholine reside in the brainstem and basal forebrain (Fig.1; see list below), with axonal projections throughout much of brain. Fig. 1: The source of monoamine and cholinergic projections to the primate PFC. ...
Emotions arise from activations of specialized neuronal populations in several parts of the cerebral cortex, notably the anterior cingulate, insula, ventromedial prefrontal, and subcortical structures, such as the amygdala, ventral striatum, putamen, cau