RNA, which contains uracil (U) instead of thymine, carries the code to protein-making sites in the cell. To make RNA, DNA pairs its bases with those of the “free” nucleotides (Figure 2). Messenger RNA (mRNA) then travels to the ribosomes in the cell cytoplasm, where protein ...
assuring the error rate as low as 10-5. The extra “proofreading” exonuclease activity of DNA polymerase improves the overall accuracy by recognizing and removing the new-coming mismatched bases (down to 10-7 error rate). The following repair system...
protein synthesisDNA in the cell nucleus carries a genetic code, which consists of sequences of adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C) (Figure 1). RNA, which contains uracil (U) instead of thymine, carries the code to protein-making sites in the cell. To make RNA...
Current single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) methods with high cellular throughputs sacrifice full-transcript coverage and often sensitivity. Here we describe Smart-seq3xpress, which miniaturizes and streamlines the Smart-seq3 protocol to substantially
All organisms must safeguard the integrity of their DNA to avoid deleterious consequences of genome instability, which have been linked to human diseases such as autoimmune disorders, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Traditionally, genome maintenan
RNAP I is a 14-subunit protein responsible for the synthesis of pre-ribosomal RNA, which contains precursors of 28S, 18S, and 5.8S rRNAs. RNAP II is composed of 10–12 subunits and synthesizes mRNA and some specialized RNAs. Finally, the 17-subunit RNAP III synthesizes tRNAs, 5S rR...
Brown CJ, Hendrich BD, Rupert JL, Lafreniere RG, Xing Y, Lawrence J, Willard HF (1992) The human XIST gene: analysis of a 17 kb inactive X-specific RNA that contains conserved repeats and is highly localized within the nucleus. Cell 71:527–542. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(92...
Because the nucleo-bases are exposed in a single-stranded ASO, these oligonucleotides are amphipathic. Phosphorothioate (PS) substitution of the phosphate groups reduces the hydrophilicity, stabilizes the ASOs to nuclease degradation, and enhances protein binding, which is critical to cell uptake and in...
To validate our rG4-seq, we mapped RT stops on the mRNA of SUPPRESSOR OF MAX2 1-LIKE5 (SMXL5) which contains a G-rich region with RG4 folding potential identified recently [9]. We found a strong RT stalling at the 3′end of this G-rich region where the coverage dropped in the ...
It contains the following elements, which are defined as follows: (1). Terminals – a symbol that represents a constant value (2). Non-terminals – a symbol that has the capability of being further defined in terms of terminals and/or non-terminals, usually denoted by a capital letter. (...