PreviewOral contraceptives do more than prevent pregnancy. Estrogen lowers the risk of ovarian cancer and cysts, and progestin lowers the risk of endometrial cancer. However, some agents may increase the risk of thromboembolism, hypertension, and coronary artery disease, and all interact with many ...
The effects of progestin may be important for breast cancer and atherosclerotic diseases, including CHD and stroke. Per protocol, in a separate and adequately powered trial, WHI is testing the hypothesis of whether oral estrogen will prevent CHD in 10 739 women who have had a hysterectomy. The...
Oral Contraceptives and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Over the years, the estrogen dose in combined oral contraceptives has been progressively reduced to decrease the risk of thrombosis; however, t... Juhua,Luo,Karen,... - 《Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports》 被引量: 19发表: 2010年 Card...
When risk factors for cardiovascular disease are taken into account in selecting OC users and when an appropriate agent is chosen, the likelihood of a cardiovascular accident is greatly reduced. The formulations containing low-dose estrogen and low-dose, low-potency progestins appear to be safest,...
Sex differences Estrogen Introduction The concepts of “sex” and “gender” are distinct. “Sex” is a biological variable determined by factors such as genetics (with variations such as intersex1), physiology, and anatomy, while “gender” is a social variable determined by identity, roles, cu...
Chang-Claude, Dietary phy- toestrogen intake and premenopausal breast cancer ... J Linseisen,R Piller,S Hermann,... - 《International Journal of Cancer》 被引量: 395发表: 2004年 Alcohol intake and risk of breast cancer defined by estrogen and progesterone receptor status--a meta-analysis of...
. In women, regular consumers reported a slightly higher proportion of oral contraceptive use and a slightly shorter mean breastfeeding duration (Additional file1: Table 3). Table 1 Characteristics of participants by frequency of dairy intake at baseline survey (2004–2008)...
Surgery to thin the uterine lining may be used in some cases of heavy bleeding. Stress can cause irregular periods. Meditation and breathing exercises may help lower cortisol, which can affect estrogen and progesterone. Cyclic progesterone therapy may help regulate an irregular menstrual cycle without...
Birth control pills, also known as oral contraceptives, have been marketed in the United States since 1962. Over the past 40 years, there have been changes in the types of estrogen and progestin (hormones) used in the pills and lower amounts of hormones overall. ...
their carcinogenicity8 Four hormone-related pharmaceuticals (combined estrogen-progestogen menopausal therapy, combined estrogen-progestogen oral contraceptives, tamoxifen, and postmenopausal estrogen therapy) were excluded since separate monographs specifically presented the carcinogenicity of hormone-related exposures...