This translates to risk-free plus (beta times the market premium). Using the$sign helps keep the assumptions static so that you can easily copy the formula to the right for multiple assets. In this case, we get an expected return of 4.36% for Tesla. With this spreadsheet,...
2 using RL-avgRR instead. Just as seen in actual human behaviour, RL-avgRR predicted a smooth transition in the negative-to-positive effects of more distant versus more recent rewards on choices (Fig. 3g). Analogously, this can be summarized as simultaneous positive and negative effects of ...
A consensus of the litera- ture suggests that when there is a dysfunction in the "brain reward cascade," especially in the dopamine system, causing a low or hypo-dopaminergic trait, the brain may require dopamine for individuals to avoid unpleasant feelings. This high-risk genetic trait leads ...
Despite its widespread use, little is understood of its impact on the gut microbiota, an important environmental factor that can mediate metabolism and subsequent obesity and disease risk. Furthermore, given previous reports of dysbiosis with some artificial low-calorie sweeteners, we wanted to ...