(Psychology)psycholthe alteration in responding that occurs when two stimuli are regularly paired in close succession: the response originally given to the second stimulus comes to be given to the first. See alsoconditioned response Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged, 12th Edition 20...
In many studies, a neutral relationship between stimuli and response can be useful [29••,30]. Such studies allow us to investigate learning and decision-making over time from a neutral baseline, without the biases that innate positive or negative stimuli-response relationships may introduce. ...
or it rises rapidly to a peak and then declines to an asymptote (see Figure 2H), or it rises rapidly to a much higher peak and then falls off sharply (see Figure 2I). This
In a startle response assay, a scientist exposes a rodent to an unexpected and disruptive sensory stimulus and measures the degree to which the animal responds, typically exhibited as an eye blink, body flinch, or overall muscle contraction. These stimuli can be visual (a bright light), auditor...
Monocytes express multiple PRRs and are activated by many stimuli. Although microbial recognition is redundant, some PAMPs are restricted to defined pathogen groups such as Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Gram-positive bacterial lipoteichoic acid, or fungal 1,3-β-d-glucan. In ...
It has been known for centuries that cats respond euphorically to Nepeta cataria (catnip). Recently, we have shown that Lonicera tatarica (Tatarian honeysuckle), Actinidia polygama (silver vine), and Valeriana officinalis (valerian) can also elicit this
(44). However, the definition of what is a low, medium, or high response is not clear and will vary from sponsor to sponsor, particularly in the absence of a uniform approach to standardization of ELISpot assays. There is no mention of a cellular immune response in the Luxturna® EPAR...
Inflammation is a physiological response to defend the organism against injurious stimuli and to initiate healing processes to restore tissue homeostasis. A typical acute inflammatory response involves inducer molecules (e.g. LPS), which are recognized by cellular sensors (e.g. TLR4), which lead to...
respond to mechanical or metabolic stimuli, respectively, both types of afferents exhibit polymodal activity in which some group III afferents respond to metabolic stimuli and some group IV afferents respond to mechanical stimuli (Kumazawa and Mizumura, 1977;Rotto and Kaufman, 1988;Rotto et al., ...
Gene expression changes occur across developmental stages and cell types and in response to external stimuli and disease. Identifying the genetic variation underlying context-dependent differences in gene expression is thus essential to understand organism’s development and functioning [1,2,3]. Experiment...