Cells were stimulated ex vivo with Cell Stimulation Cocktail (Tonbo Biosciences, catalog no. TNB-4975) for 4 hours before staining for flow cytometry analysis. Cells were stained for surface antigens and a live/dead marker (Ghost Dye Violet 510, Tonbo Biosciences) in FACS buffer (PBS with 2%...
Fasting blood glucose, body weight, and urine albumin levels were monitored at 8, 12, 16, and 20 weeks of age. Mice used for the experiments were 16 or 20 weeks old, unless otherwise specified. We used only male mice in experiments. All animals were maintained on a normal chow diet ...
For in vivo signaling assays, 8-week old wild-type mice were subjected to orogastric gavage with 6 g/kg treha- lose dissolved in saline. Mice were killed 0.5 hours after gavage, and livers were rapidly dissected and snap frozen in liquid nitrogen prior to homogenization in ice-cold ...