synthesis in females. In the middle of eachmenstrual cycle, a matureovumruptures out of a Graafian follicle and travels along the fallopian tubes , where it may be fertilized by sperm . The vagina is a hollow muscular structure that receives ejaculate during copulation and serves as a conduit...
Any factor that could perturb the LH-stimulated Leydig cell steroidogenesis could have an enormous impact on endocrine regulation of spermatogenesis and could lead to infertility [25]. Numerous plant products are known to target Leydig cells and hinder their functions [25]. 22.3.3 Use of Medicinal...
(GIFT) and intra-uterine insemination (IUI)2, through fertilization of gametes in vitro with culturing (in vitro fertilization, IVF), to the more recent direct injection of a sperm into an ovum (intracytoplasmic sperm injection, ICSI), followed by culturing, with or without subsequent embryo ...
such as ligament and tendons.74,75As the expression of ERs is ubiquitous in satellite cells (adult muscle stem cells) of muscle fibers, estrogen stimulates the activation and proliferation of these quiescent stem cells (satellite cells) during muscle repair or injury.76Although both ERα and ER...
12-12). Some of these vacuoles may appear as punctate vacuoles of variable number or as a diffuse clearing of the cytoplasm that distends the cell and displaces the nucleus peripherally. Criteria of malignancy that may be seen in these cells include increased nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio; ...
They allow the secondary oocyte to complete the cell division and form an ovum. The zygote is formed by merging of a sperm and an oocyte. Initial development of the zygote upto \(32\)-celled stage takes place in the oviduct.Uterus (Hystera or Womb)Structure...
Recently, OS has been reported to have an important role in the normal functioning of the female reproductive sys- tem and in the pathogenesis of female infertility [33,74]. 2.2 Cytokines, oxidative stress and female reproduction The control of ovarian stromal cells and germ cell func- tion ...
Like the sperm, an egg is also a single cell. The first step in the process of reproduction is the fusion of a sperm and an ovum. When sperms come in contact with an egg, one of the sperms may fuse with the egg. Such fusion of the egg and the sperm is called fertilization. ...
There is a particular need for more long-term research on the reproductive ‘after-life’ of gestational surrogates and ovum donors. The first-ever longitudinal studies to be carried out examine the psychological well-being of altruistic surrogates and their families, as well as children born ...
OVUMHUMAN embryosSPERMATOZOACHEMICAL processesFERTILIZATION in vitroEMBRYO transferRecent studies have shifted the spotlight from adult disease to gametogenesis and embryo developmental events, and these are greatly affected by various environmental chemicals, such as drugs, metabolites, pollutants, and others....