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Histone lactylation occurs in the loci of NC genes as these cells upregulate glycolysis. This process promotes the accessibility of active enhancers and the deployment of the NC GRN. Reducing the deposition of the mark by targeting LDHA/B leads to the downregulation of NC genes and the ...
T-regulatory cells develop in two steps in the thymus, according to the prevailing paradigm [13]. TCR-induced CD25+Foxp3- intermediates are then consolidated by cytokines to generate mature CD25+Foxp3+ Treg cells. Recently, it has been proposed that Treg cells can also undergo maturation, ...
Among these regulated signaling pathways, they mainly focused on the PPAR signaling, pyruvate metabolism, propanoate metabolism, ascorbate and aldarate metabol- ism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, GABAergic synapse and TGF-beta signaling pathways (Fig. 5, Additional file 5 Table 4). Expression of PPAR-...
1). Two steps of the 11-step purine synthesis pathway require the transfer of a formyl group from 10-formyl tetrahydrofolate (THF) to a purine synthesis intermediate. In pyrimidine synthesis, the production of deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP) from deoxyuridine monophosphate requires 5,10-...
of regulatory RNAs. Numerous regulatory RNAs undergo mRNA-like RNA processing steps, such as 5′ m7G cap addition, polyadenylation, and splicing, which are observed even in long RNAs. The pattern of overlapping transcripts in the genome indicates the inclusion or exclusion of exons and introns in...
[42]. Moreover, the BRPF3 scaffold specifically guides HBO1 to H3K14ac, promoting the loading of CDC45 to activate DNA replication in the S phase [1]. Thus, through collaboration with different scaffolds, HBO1-mediated chromatin acetylation facilitates two consecutive steps in replication ...
The TCA cycle is a metabolic hub in mitochondria that can produce various metabolic intermediates and NADH to support cell growth. Pyruvate produced through glycolysis is catalyzed into acetyl-CoA via the PDH (pyruvate dehydrogenase) complex and then enters the TCA cycle. Except for the steps catal...
Generally, the genes in glycolysis are upregulated (Fig. 5a), which could increase the metabolic flux from glucose to pyruvate (Fig. 5d). Furthermore, the accumulation of pyruvate is dependent on the balance between its biosynthesis and consumption. For all three mutants, pykA, which converts...