Using merged HOLC maps and U.S. Census data we determined case redlining status (A "Best", B "Still Desirable", C "Declining", D "Hazardous", and N "Not graded") by residence at diagnosis. We defined residents of D neighborhoods redlined-exposed and residents of A or B neighborhoods...
HOLC “redlining” maps: the persistent structure of segregation and economic inequality. National Community Reinvestment Coalition. March 20, 2018. Accessed November 7, 2022. https://ncrc.org/holc/ 9. An B, Orlando A, Rodnyansky S. The physical legacy of racism: how redlining ...
1-3 In the 1930s, the federally sponsored Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) rated wealthier neighborhoods with predominantly White populations as low risk (designated as green or blue on maps) and neighborhoods with lower-income Black and immigrant populations as high risk (yellow or red), ...