(n) Reciprocity is defined as the exchange or bilateral acceptance of privileges between nations, states, associations or individuals. For example when there is a reciprocity exists between two countries tax paid on one country is not subjected to tax again on the other country. ...
Reciprocity is typically defined as a scenario where help given causes help received: cooperation is stabilized because each actor's cooperative investments are conditional on the cooperative returns from the receiver. Pseudo-reciprocity is a scenario where help enables byproduct returns: cooperation is ...
In an environment with both production and sharing domains, indirect reciprocity is defined as the sharing given to an individual that is conditioned on the observed cooperation of that individual in both domains [14–16]. As a result, although environ- mental risk can increase ...
Reciprocity is defined as a subset of exchange characterized by inseparability of the objects exchanged from the partners in interaction. Sahlins' model of reciprocity, which equates kinship proximity, solidarity, and generosity, is brou... TS Lebra - 《American Anthropologist》 被引量: 27发表: ...
作者: Pascalis Raimondos-Moller,Alan D. Woodland 摘要: We examine in detail the circumstances under which reciprocity, as defined in Bagwell and Staiger (1999), leads to fixed world prices. We show that a change of tariffs satisfying reciprocity does not necessarily imply constant world prices ...
as a potential confound (Supplementary Note1). Again, using a mixed effect model, we showed that the change of influence across conditions cannot be explained by a change in perceived performance of self or partner (Supplementary Note1). An interesting question is whether reciprocity is affected ...
First, positive values of excess reciprocity are not to be interpreted as indicators of strategic behavior aimed at deliberately manipulat- ing bibliometric indicators. The definition in Eq. (1) simply quantifies an excess with re- spect to a benchmark. This, in turn, is identified by a ...
They establish a Principle of (Im)politeness Reciprocity (PIR), defined as: a constraint on human interaction such that there is pressure to match the perceived or anticipated (im)politeness of other participants, thereby maintaining a balance of payments.(Culpeper and Tantucci, 2021: 150) In ...
There are two versions of negative reciprocity. One version is defined as when a person receives more than they give. For example, when a person borrows things, but never lends. Or, when a vendor takes advantage of unknowing customers. ...
SEPGG model on a constructed DRN is defined as what follows. Each agent is assigned to a node on DRN. The strategy si of the agent on a node i can be Cooperator (C), Defector (D) or Loner (L). In each update an agent i is randomly chosen. First, we calculate the payoff Pi ...