First at the rear of the sampler cone, where a supersonic expansion occurs, resulting in the lower transport efficiency of the lighter ions; then after the skimmer cone, where the extraction voltage repels the electrons from the ion beam, creating space-charge effects (electrostatic interactions/...
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IoUT nodes are designed with limited memory space, computational capacity, and battery power. These nodes require a lot of power to collect, process, and transfer data. Moreover, energy harvesting is difficult due to the impossibility of using solar power in the IoUT environment. Due to the ...