The codes in use can be classified into two main groups:wave opticsand ray tracing. Wave optics (and physical optics) are well suited for the propagation of coherent waves and contain models that propagate wavefronts using, typically, Fresnel–Kirchhoff integrals with some approximations. On the ...
As a result, X-ray optics tend to have long focal lengths. The two current facility-class astrophysical missions have focal lengths of 7.5 m (XMM-Newton) and 10.0 m (Chandra). Most X-ray missions use Wolter I type optics (Wolter, 1952) where X-rays are reflected by a paraboloid of ...
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Magnetic soft X-ray tomography (MXT) has the potential to become a powerful tool to address the unique magnetic responses of an entirely new class of 3D magnetic objects with arbitrary shape and magnetization. Here we put forth the foundation of imaging magnetic 3D thin films with X-ray ...
Numerical simulations based on the Maxwell–Bloch theory show that one can obtain high-intensity, femtosecond x-ray pulses of relative bandwidths Δω/ω = 10−5–10−7, by orders of magnitude narrower than in x-ray free-electron-laser pulses for discrete wavelengths down to the sub...
There is cur- rently a broad class of astrophysical sources associated with NSs, with observations spanning the electromagnetic spec- trum from the radio to high-energy X-rays and gamma rays. In particular, some systems exhibit periodic X-ray emissions modulated by the star's rotation period, ...
\(\gamma _s\) are the variations of \(\gamma _0\) . conversely, any jacobi field can be understood as a variation of the broken geodesic \(\gamma _0.\) we can now state an analogue of [ 39 , lemma 12] in the case of broken \(\lambda \) -rays, where \(\lambda \in c^...
Momose, U.S. Pat. No. 7,180,979, issued Feb. 20, 2007; and T. Weitkamp et al. “Hard X-ray phase imaging and tomography with a grating interferometer”, Proc. SPIE vol 5535, pp. 137-142, 2004, and “X-ray phase imaging with a grating interferometer”, Optics Express vol. 13...
An X-ray exposure apparatus includes a stage for holding a mask having a pattern for circuit manufacturing, a stage for holding a wafer to be exposed to the pattern of the mask with X-rays, and a refl