The goal of this paper is to give a short survey of the development of a recent theory of elementary molecular processes [1–3] and of its applications in physics, chemistry, and biology. We are interested in the kinetics and dynamics of these processes, hence in the reaction probabilities ...
Reaction-Rate Theory: Fifty Years After Kramers The calculation of rate coefficients is a discipline of nonlinear science of importance to much of physics, chemistry, engineering, and biology. Fifty years after Kramers' seminal paper on thermally activated barrier crossing, the author... Peter Hnggi...
The rate of H2O2 production needed is calculated by applying Eq. (10.3), where the k obtained in Section 3.4.1 and the desired steady state ([H2O2]ss) are replaced; the conditions of the assay (cell density for suspension cells or number of cells and reaction volume for attached cel...
One possible explanation might be the bias in the sequencing results caused by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) errors before Sanger sequencing [22]. Furthermore, we explored the characteristics of the 44 DNMs. There were 14 mutations in intergenic regions, 25 in introns, one in a 3′-UTR ...
initial rate calorimetry (IrCal), for obtaining the initial reaction rates using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) (Fig. 1), which is a very sensitive calorimetric method and has been widely applied in chemistry and biology for measuring thermodynamic param- eters of a ligand binding to ...
an indicator are changed by the influence of biological samples in a method for deriving the dilution rate in the biological samples by mixing a dilution aqueous solution including the indicator with the biological samples, and by comparing the absorbance of the indicator before and after the ...
In our simulations, the hair was deflected up to an angular displacement of 0.15 rad and was held at this position for a total time t=30s, during which the reaction force F at the sensor tip was continuously sampled from the simulation output. Thereafter, the reaction moment M=F×h was ...
{\varDelta t}\). This calculation of the MLE was repeated one million times. The standard deviation of these 1 million MLEs is a function of the number of dwell times present in the challenge data set – the more dwell times are observed, the narrower the MLE distribution – and hence...
During translation elongation, the amino acid chain grows longer as each time a new codon is encountered mRNA binds with matching anti-codon of its cognate tRNA on the A-site of the ribosome. The existing polypeptide chain links onto the amino acid of tRNA on P-site via a chemical reaction...
Each molecule of CO2 fixed in the Calvin cycle therefore requires three ATP and two NADPH to be provided by photosynthetic electron transport. Although the activity of the Calvin cycle could in principle be merely governed by the availability of ATP and NADPH, provided by the light reaction, ...