The inner radiation belt was found using Geiger–Müller tubes onboard Explorer I and III in February and March 1958, and the two-belt structure was confirmed by the unsuccessful Moon probe Pioneer III in December 1958. While Pioneer III did not achieve the escape velocity and fell back to ...
The Van Allen radiation belt is a torus of energetic charged particles (i.e. a plasma) around Earth, trapped by Earth's magnetic field. The Van Allen belts are closely related to the polar aurora where particles strike the upper atmosphere and fluoresce. The presence of a radiation belt had...
Measurements of the inner proton belt show an up to fourfold difference in dose rates between the most (M-42 SN127: 69 µGy min−1) and the two least shielded locations (EAD MU01: 240 µGy min−1and HERA HSU2: 287 µGy min−1) in Orion (Fig.2a). Differen...
radiation is so energetic that it is usually described in terms of the energy it carries. The X-ray region lies between 1 and 100 keV (kiloelectron volts) of energy, where 1 keV=1.6×10−16J. The atmosphere effectively absorbs most of the Sun's ultraviolet radiation and all of its X...
Three-dimensional (3D) models (latitude, radial distance and energy; plus time) and 4D (latitude, longitude, radial distance and energy; plus time) have been built in action-angle phase space and are now available for the interior of the Earth's magnetosphere ( Beutier, 1993; Thesis Report...
Earth, and the region of charged particles called the Van Allen belt that help to protect us on the ground from radiation exposure. When traveling beyond low-Earth orbit and out to the moon and beyond, astronauts will be exposed to radiation that can cause cancer, cardiovascular disease, and...
As the Gateway module flies to its position in a halo-like orbit around the moon, it will pass through the Van Allen radiation belt—an area around Earth wherehigh-energy particlesare trapped by our planet's magnetic field. The particles can cause moreradiation damageto humans, and the hardw...
Atmospheric entry heating: A criterion to distinguish between asteroidal and cometary sources of interplanetary dust The detection by the Infrared Astronomy Satellite of dust trails along the paths of active comets and dust bands in the main asteroid belt suggests that bo... GJ Flynn - 《Icarus》...
However, this division of space into separate zones does not mean, in terms of time and distance, that travel to a location comparatively near to Earth such as the Moon or one of its Lagrange points, is less risky. Yet this is the notion that NASA would prefer everyone to accept, statin...
In September next year, astronauts will be strapped into the Orion spacecraft and rocketed around the Moon in the first human moon visit in more than 50 years. And thanks to two space-travelling test dummies we now know those astronauts will likely b... nasa radiation astronauts Earth May ...