In C# terms, most R functions return a data structure that can be ignored, but also contain many Console.WriteLine equivalent statements that expose output. Notice that it’s up to you to decipher the meaning of R output. Later in this article, I’ll show you how t...
Another important R programming class arefactors. Similar to characters, factor can contain letters and numbers. However, the difference compared to characters is that each element has a meaning. Let’s illustrate that by creating our own factor vector: vec_3<-factor(c("gr1","gr1","gr2","g...
The R programming language provides several functions that are very similar to grep and grepl. Some of the most common alternatives are regexpr, gregexpr, and regexec.Let’s have a look at the definitions of the functions (as shown in the R help documentation):...
Normally at this point, we might remove stop words and then stem and lemmatize the text (ie get rid useless little words and suffixes that cause words of the same meaning to look different). This would be more important in more traditional learning classifiers but is likely less important wh...
This article teaches you the meaning, the differences, and the appropriate use cases of prediction intervals and confidence intervals in statistical and regression analyses. It also shows you how to implement these intervals in R. Arun Nanda August 27, 2024 R Navigating R Certifications in 2025: ...
Step 2: Sample selection, market portfolio, and data: Companies comprising the sample are selected. In this exercise, there was one event per company, meaning that the number of companies and events were the same (n = 30) in the sample. The companies included in the DJIA index as of...
R is an interpreted language, which means that users access its functions through a command-line interpreter. Unlike languages such as Python and Java, R is not a general-purpose programming language. Instead, it’s considered a domain-specific language (DSL), meaning its functions and use ar...
and the dot notation is interpreted by some programming languages (including R in some contexts) as referring to subcomponents or classes of structured variables, which can confuse people (or computers) who are familiar with that meaning of a dot. Therefore, the spaces are simply dropped, with...
R is an immensely powerful programming language used for data analysis tasks of all kinds. However, for beginners just getting started it can be daunting due to its complex syntax that may be intimidating or misguiding and it may take time before understanding why some code doesn’t function ...
Also note that since T is a valid logical value, which is a shortcut for TRUE, it's corresponding text is also accepted as meaning such a value. The same logic applies to false and F. Any other string will return an NA value, meaning that the string could not be parsed as a ...