The statistical programming language R is a free version of the language S initially developed at Bell Laboratories in 1976 by John Chambers. Due to its open source philosophy and versatility, R is now used widely in academia, government, and industry. Its flexibility allows one to link to low...
R is free and powerful programming language for statistical computing and data visualization. R can be used to compute a large variety of classical statistic tests including: Student’s t-test comparing the means of two groups of samples Wilcoxon test, a non parametric alternative of t-test An...
R is a well-developed, simple and effective programming language which includes conditionals, loops, user defined recursive functions and input and output facilities. R has an effective data handling and storage facility, R provides a suite of operators for calculations on arrays, lists, vectors and...
using System; namespace ChiSquare { class ChiSquareProgram { static void Main(string[] args) { try { Console.WriteLine("\nBegin Chi-square test using C# demo\n"); Console.WriteLine( "Goal is to see if one die from a set of dice is biased or not\n"); int[] ...
R is a programming language that provides different interfaces and development environments. R can be used from the command line as well as from the GUI named R Studio. R是提供不同接口和开发环境的编程语言。 可以从命令行以及从名为R Studio的GUI使用R。
In this example, the “X-squared” value of 15.28 is the calculated chi-squared statistic (the Greek letter chi resembles uppercase X). A value of 0.0 indicates that the observed values are exactly what you’d expect if the die was fair. Larger values of chi-squared...
The fact that R is a programming language rather than a collection of discrete commands means that you can combine several commands, each one using the output of the last, with the resulting combination being quite powerful and extremely flexible. (Linux users will recognize the similarity to ...
is.*函数(例如is.numeric( )、is.logical( )以及is.character( ))用来检验给定对象的类型,as.*函数用来转换向量的类型: as.numeric(c("1", "2", "3", "a")) ## Warning: 强制改变过程中产生了NA ## [1] 1 2 3 NA as.logical(c(-1, 0, 1, 2)) ## [1] TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE as.ch...
The early chapters build at a gentle pace, to give the reader confidence in moving from a point-and-click software environment, to the more robust and reliable world of statistical coding. This is a thoroughly modern and up to date approach using RStudio and the tidyverse. A range of R ...
R is the most popular programming language for statistics and machine learning, and SQL is the lingua franca for the data manipulation. Dealing with an advanced analytics scenario, we need to pre-process the data and to build machine learning models. A good solution consists ...