Key figures: Galileo Galilei (astronomy), Isaac Newton (physics), Copernicus (heliocentrism).Importance: Encouraged empirical evidence and observation, challenged traditional beliefs, and laid the groundwork for modern science. Enlightenment Main ideas: Reason, individual rights, separation of powers, and...
Galileo Galilei Famous for: Telescope improvements, supporting heliocentrism, laws of motion. Francis Bacon Famous for: Scientific method (empiricism). Rene Descartes Famous for: Deductive reasoning, Cartesian coordinate system. Isaac Newton Famous for: Laws of motion, universal gravitation. Voltaire Famou...