The meaning is analogous to the previous two plots. The slope of the trend is proportional to the difference (kurtosis-3). When the kurtosis is very different from normal, the plot shows a clear trend. Pairs of data points (first–last, second–second largest, etc.) are used when ...
Typically the function Ψ is assumed to be odd, meaning that Ψ(−x) = −Ψ(x) for any x. (The reason for this will become clear in Chapter 3.) The value μm that satisfies Eq. (2.10) is called an M-measure of location. Obviously the class of odd functions is too large for...
In another context, you can try this tool for estimating Value-at-Risk, with quantile equal 0.05 for the 5% VaR value. Keep in mind that you need a large sample for accuracy in this case, as only 5% of the observations will have information relevant to determine the fitted value. Maybe ...
The existing quantile regression methodology works well in the case of a fixed quantile level, or in the case of a quantile that is only moderately high, that is, and as , meaning that there are sufficient observations above the level. For more extreme quantiles with , the quantile loss ...
The weight wi j is the weight for observation i, as defined in (2) with τ = τ j . The meaning of P is that we penalize sums of squares of differences for each column, weighted by λx and sums of squares of differences along each row, weighted by λτ . 2.3 Computation with ...
It should also be emphasized that the word filter as in rank filter, is used in the general meaning, as a synonym for operator. This is not consistent with some of the literature in the field of mathematical morphology where the word filter is reserved for an operator that is increasing an...
Study findings also indicate that the log odds of people with heart problems developing a stroke is 0.16, implying that individuals with heart problems are more at risk of developing stroke than those without heart problems in SA. All coefficients are significant, meaning the effect of these ...
The main issue with quantile panel data models is that the standard de-meaning (or differencing) techniques used in standard models do not represent feasible approaches. When the number of panels is large, this entails a huge number of estimated αi (individual effects) parameters. The so-calle...
TEX and FBS have a positive noteworthy effect at the 90th quantile, meaning that the highest RV nations could increase TEX and FBS to improve RV. Thus, our results partially support Hypothesis H2 that CCE, TEX, and FBS have noteworthy impacts on international tourism receipts. To sum up, ...