It is clear that when the metal is melted from the boundary surface \(S_{K}\), the charge bodies located above \(S_{K}\) are simultaneously heated, which gradually descend to the surface of the melt flow, heating up to a temperature \(T_{{{\text{mel}}}\). ...
In theory, there is no minimum startup threshold limit for the pump- driven heat pipe system. The pumping action produces a high shear rate of the fluid. As the viscosity increases, it is necessary to consider the additional resistance that the fluid exerts on the shear rate. However, ...
However, it has been reported that biofilms protected the indwelling microorganisms and it was much harder to inactivate the bacteria in biofilms and inhibit the biofilm formation [37]. The inhibition effect of thermal shock on biofilms might differ from that on planktonic bacteria. Several studies ...
Thus, it has widely been used in modern industry, machinery and equipment. The drawbacks of the valve-controlled system are: (1) a large percentage of power loss in the process of the measure flow going through the direction control valves; (2) throttling loss causes much heat loss, hence...