A part of the absorbed gases can be transformed into inclusions, which are complex chemical compounds up to several tens of micrometers in size [96,99]. Enhance heat input due to higher pulse energy or frequency causes an increase in the number of inclusions per surface area (Fig. 20). ...
120 Hz in a lamp dimmer, from few kilohertz (kHz) to tens of kHz for a motor drive. Switching frequency for audio amplifiers and computer power supplies is about ten to hundreds of kHz. The ratio of the ON time to the time period of the pulse is known as duty cycle. If the duty ...
The ultrashort pulse has to have a wide bandwidth, which is explained by the following uncertainty principle in Fourier transformation from the time domain to the frequency domain. ΔtΔν≥const. Here, Δt and Δν are the optical pulse width and the spectral bandwidth, respectively. As was...
PWM Carrier Frequency The switching speed, or frequency, of the pulse depends on the load device that is using the signal. For an electrical heater or motor, the frequency can be quite slow, perhaps in the tens to hundreds of Hz. But for a solid-state device like a relay or LED, the...
Use of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for fingertip analgesia: A pilot study The TENS unit was operated in the "burst" mode, with two eight-pulse burst groups per second (pulse width, 225 mu-sec; pulse frequency, 80 Hz). ... DP Webster,L Pellegrini,K Duffy - 《Annals of Em...
aTHz radar can emit tens of thousands of species frequency as well as pico-second and nanosecond pulse at GW level; it has many advantages and capabilities that ordinary radar does not have. THz雷达可能散发成千上万个种类频率并且微微秒和纳秒脉冲在千兆瓦水平; 它有普通的雷达没有的许多好处和能力...
High power microwave sources can produce gigawatts of power, but only for relatively short pulsewidths, typically tens to hundreds of nanoseconds. An international effort during the past few years has generated important new discoveries toward the elimination of pulse shortening. Some of the new ...
This paper presents generation and detection of two-channel bipolar multiplexed pulse width modulated signal. The positive half cycles of a polar triangular wave of frequency fc are modulated in amplitude by one message signal and the negative half cycles are modulated in amplitude by another message...
As the core component of photoelectric systems, CCDs are crucial in developing military equipment and weapon systems, which becomes the primary attack target by lasers in photoelectric countermeasures. Short-pulse lasers have a smaller pulse width and higher peak power, producing a stronger breakdown ...
The model error was less than 3.2% when the pulse width was 15 ps and the single pulse energy was 25 μJ. Keywords: pulse width; picosecond laser; silicon; lattice temperature 1. Introduction Silicon is the most basic material for the production of electronic components and optoelectronic ...