Dualism in Psychology | Definition, Theory & Examples 5:05 Two Early Approaches: Functionalism and Structuralism 5:33 Natural Selection vs. Adaptation | What is an Example of Natural Selection? 6:26 Three Later Approaches: Gestalt, Psychoanalysis and Behaviorism 6:01 Psychological Specializatio...
along with later migratory events to South East Asia, Australia, New Zealand, and the Americas, humans became a cosmopolitan species with permanent settlements on six of the seven continents. Adaptation followed migration, with mean population cognitive ability hypothesized to have changed along ecologic...
according to which robots are devices that can act in the physical world to accomplish different tasks and are made of mechanical and electronic parts. These devices can be autonomous or subordinated to humans or software agents acting on behalf of humans. Robots can also form ...
These responses are not subject to conscious control, and are the same in humans as in lower animals. They represent an evolutionary adaptation to the animal predators and other dangers with which all animals, including primitive humans, had to cope. The most familiar reaction of this type is ...
Examples of human and virtual ‘intruders’. The examples shown here include real humans (left and middle right rows, a male and female, respectively) and avatars (middle left and right rows) which served as ‘intruders’ in the Stop Distance Procedures and the Distance Range Experiments. Huma...
humanistic therapy that forces the client to explore the meaning of their life, as well as its purpose. There is a conflict between having freedoms and having limitations. Examples of limitations include genetics, culture, and many other factors. Existential therapy involves trying to resolve this ...
Self-actualizationis the fifth and highest level in Maslow’s needs hierarchy. Also described as self-fulfillment, this is the need humans feel to reach their full potential and to accomplish all that they can with their talents and abilities. Different people may express this need in very diff...
focusing in particular on mechanisms that have not received as much attention in the literature. Further, despite a robust preclinical literature, we highlight research in humans in this review. To inform future research in this area, we also describe various methodologies for measuring mechanisms, ...
At the next level of abstraction down, we find a few summary-level rationally and emotionally competent stimuli, our adaptation of Damasio’s (2012) term for external stimuli that are effective in eliciting an emotional response from the organism; we have added corresponding terms for stimuli that...
Using pairs of highly probable causal concepts, we pushed GPT-4 to conjure novel causal hypotheses that bridge concepts. To further elucidate the process of this method, Table4provides some examples of hypotheses generated from the process. Such hypotheses, as exemplified in the last row, underscor...